Religion

The Upanishads are foundational philosophical-religious texts within Hinduism, serving as a crucial bridge in the evolution of its core spiritual and metaphysical concepts. As the most recent additions to the Vedas—the oldest scriptures of Hinduism—they are often referred to as Vedanta, meaning "the conclusion of the Vedas," both in terms of their textual placement and their profound philosophical significance.¹

In his Autobiography, Russell summarizes his conclusion in Human Society in Ethics and Politics in the following manner: “The conclusion that I reach is that ethics is never an independent constituent, but is reducible to politics in the last analysis.”