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1717 Upon the so called revival of Freemasonry in 1717, when the lodges were separate and independent of each other, and there never having been a governing grand lodge before, a French Huguenot Reformer, John Theophilus Desaguliers, born at Rochelle, France, March 12th 1683 having become a curate of the of the church of England. He succeded in obtaining a meeting of the four London Lodges on St John the Baptists day June 14 1717 when the Grand Lodge of Masons was organized at the Apple Tree Tavern and Anthony Sayer, the son of a French Hugenot, was elected the first Grand Master. In 1718 he was suceeded by George Payne ...
1797 The Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.