Philosophy

Section 205 of Daybreak

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1881

 

Death is the Proof of a Just, and Good God

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Aesthetically, our best choice, the most just, is a good life and a kind death.

Truth is easily buried, yet is distinguished by it's luster as separate as the diamond is from the dung hill.

Where did we get those ten commandments?  

Laws written by the finger of God on tablets of stone, broken by Moses.

Our history evolved from these broken laws, these books so defective and doubtful, that it seams vain to attempt this small inquiry into it's tricks.

There is more knowledge than can ever be read, yet society stands fast to this absurd biblical dogma.  

Pantheisticon John Toland

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Pantheisticon: or, the Form Of Celebrating the Socratic-Society. 
Divided into Three Parts. 
Which Contain, 
I. The Morals and Axioms of the Pantheists; or the Brotherhood. 
II. Their Deity and Philosophy. 
III. Their Liberty, and a Law, neither deceiving, nor to be deceived. 
To which is prefix'd a Discourse upon the Antient and Modern Societies of the Learned, as also upon the Infinite and Eternal Universe. And subjoined, a short dissertation upon a Two-fold Philosophy of the Pantheists, that is to be followed; together with an Idea of the best and most accomplished Man. 

Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy

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Boethius writes the book as a conversation between himself and Lady Philosophy. She consoles Boethius by discussing the transitory nature of fame and wealth ("no man can ever truly be secure until he has been forsaken by Fortune"), and the ultimate superiority of things of the mind, which she calls the "one true good". She contends that happiness comes from within, and that one's virtue is all that one truly has, because it is not imperilled by the vicissitudes of fortune.

Justice is the art of convincing people to obey the rules that benefit the rulers

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John Searle on Ludwig Wittgenstein

Wittgenstein's Tractatus and Christianity

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Wittgenstein would frequently encouraged students to take up more tangible vocations. He considered the ethical reality of every day as what was important, that when we see that our everyday common life is all there is, then we have found the true religion. 

One of my pupils, on my advice, has gone to work at  Woolworths, now that is the sort of thing you should do, try and get a job in some large store where you will meet ordinary people.   Ludwig Wittgenstein, Sea of Faith with Don Cupitt.

 

3.332 No proposition can make a statement about itself, because a propositional sign cannot be contained in itself. ...        

This is an attempt to create a rule that avoids the errors of logic such as the "barbers paradox", I think we should just accept we have conditions in logic that are false.

For me this ends my investigation of his Tractatus, the rest may be true but only because we agree to say it is so. We can say that propositions are made of elemental objects but we can never say there is a way of making the propositions true, other than by agreement. The best we can do is say a proposition is probably,  true, false, or more acceptable than another.

Kant’s Concept of Radical Evil

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In Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, Kant discusses the concept of radical evil. The German word “radikal” derives from the Latin word “rādīx,” which means “root” (“Wurzel”), “origin” (“Ursprung”), and “source” (“Quelle”). Therefore, when Kant explains the nature of radical evil, he also tries to enquire into “the origin of moral evil”. Kant observes that “the source of evil . . . can lie only in a rule made by the will for the use of its freedom, that is, in a maxim”. In Critique of Practical Reason, Kant makes a similar statement which echoes this observation. He writes that “the concept of good and evil must not be determined before the moral law . . . but only . . . after it and by means of it” . Therefore, in order to grasp the concept of evil, one has to understand the struggle in “a pathologically affected” human will, namely, the “conflict of maxims with the practical laws cognized by himself”

Evil Schopenhauer - text - On the Sufferings of the World.

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Unless suffering is the direct and immediate object of life, our existence must entirely fail of its aim. It is absurd to look upon the enormous amount of pain that abounds everywhere in the world, and originates in needs and necessities inseparable from life itself, as serving no purpose at all and the result of mere chance. Each separate misfortune, as it comes, seems, no doubt, to be something exceptional; but misfortune in general is the rule.

Studies In Comparative Philosophy

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If Hegel is the philosopher of the Intellect, Schopenhauer is the philosopher of the Will. He takes his start from Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and holds that the thing-in-itself which for Kant was an unknowable noumenon is knowable directly in one's own self as volitional activity. The Will is the thing-in-itself. 

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